Livy, translated by Henry Bettison, (1976). Roma and the Mediterranean. London: Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-044318-5.
Polybius, translated by Frank W. Walbank, (1979). The Rise of the Roman Empire. New York: Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-044362-2.
Nguồn phụ
Theocharis Detorakis, (1994). A History of Crete. Heraklion: Heraklion. ISBN 960-220-712-4.
Peter Green, (1990). Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age. Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-500-01485-X.
Philip Matyszak (2004). The Enemies of Roma:From Hannibal to Attila. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-25124-X.
